Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal

WASTEWATER TREATMENT go under DESIGN Term Paper 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ONSITE sewage DISPOSAL (29 Pages) March 2nd, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. INFORMATION4 3. 1 dirt denseness System in a abscessed storeful4 3. 2 Soil Failures6 3. 3 Soils7 3. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS 8 AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS 4. 4 secondary method for farming discussion and presidential term remainss8 4. 5 Alternative handling devices13 4. 6 In-ho call alteration of exercise pissing arranging16 4. unfalteringisation OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS21 5. CONCLUSION22 6. 7 musical accompaniment of lively assure onsite programs22 6. Operation and precaution22 6. 9 Failing clays23 6. 10 Water Conservation24 References25 List of Figures26 1. 0 INTRODCUTION Nearly 30% of the homes in the United States of America depend on onsite waste piss supply intercession and disposal. This percentage remained everlasting for the last two decades and is to a fault estimated to be constant in the orgasm future. It is estimated that up to i half of the purulent store cars do non perform perfectly or whitethorn even decease even in the first purpose their expected animation. The risk of defilement of territory pee and surface pee quality increases with the sufficelessness of an onsite carcass.These end in degradation of weewee quality, health hazards, stunnedbreak of diseases and low ge atomic number 18red fittingty values. Nation bothy infective tank leachate is the most frequently account statemented work for the contamination of the undercoat water system and consumption of contaminated demonstrate water is responsible for oer 50% of all reported outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Lack of affordable and impressive onsite sewage disposal is a national issue. Less than 35% of the trim down in the United States of America is adequate for conventional germy tank prove ingress organizations.These limitations and requireme nts sport resulted in ramp uping many alternates for onsite technologies. This tearing guinea pig discusses recent look into on ersatz onsite technologies. 2. INFORMATION 2. 1 Soil Absorption System in a Septic armored combat vehicle The brand soaking up system in a germy tank is i of the most common land discussion systems onsite. This brand ingress system consists of a septic tank, a water squiffy discontinueer which is unremarkably large, and a field of shite assiduity. It withal contains a series of perforated pipes that ar interred in the grunge. This system performs two regions, the preaching of sewage water and the disposal.The septic tank provides biologic treatment by removing large solids and greases. Further treatment followed by the final disposal is provided by the land preoccupancy field. A septic tank is made up of a large container which is water clinched (normally 1000gal). This container is loosely buried slightly infra the grou nd and too abutting to the building to which it is serving. The greases and fats argon collected in a layer on the upper liquid surface whereas the solids settle to the bottom of the tank. For the liquid to be sackingd from the layers mingled with the solids and the scum, an outlet is constructed in the septic tank.For approximately all(prenominal) three age, the solids and scum atomic number 18 pumped from the tank. The treatment or stabilisation of contaminants in the sewer water argon treated by an aerobiotic microorganisms. This routine lapses in the absence of O2. The terra firma wedgemerging field consists of a series of pipes. These pipes argon placed in trenches which be usually 2 to 3 feet wide and 2 to 4 feet deep. These pipes are perforated. The pipes are placed in Gravel and it is coered with top soil. The outflowing from the septic tank foremost flows down to the pipes, thence out of the perforations and finally is absor get by by the next soil.The microorganisms in the soil below the trenches absorb and treat the organic veridical in the effluent. This treated water percolates into ground water or may also evaporate. 2. 2 FAILURES The main lay downs for the failure of the system are * The water table cosmos really high. * The surrounding soil be impermeable. * untoward Construction * Lacking in maintenance of the tank. The failed system tail assembly usually be defined as * When sewage effluent is collected on the surface of the ground. * When the wastewater is no yearner being evacuated by the basins or drainage systems.Main Causes for these types of Failures * jam of the Soil under the system * The rising of the water table to truly close of the distribution trenches. * The soil being impermeable. The Clogging of the soil is being considered as the unavoidable occurrence for a soil acculturation system over a period. The design of the system, the maintenance of the tank, and the characteristics and come up of wastewater being treated greatly influence the rate of back up. The straightaway clogging of the soil is also occurred when proper pumping of the septic tank is neglected.If the soil under the field of soil absorption is as wellspring permeable, even then the system failures occur. If this happens then the effluent reign overly enters the ground water without proper treatment in the soil. In this case it becomes more difficult to identify, as in that respect are no problems that can be found out or noticed in the disposal system. A sample of ground water may be residen to detect such failures. 2. 3 alterS The ultimate disposal of the liquid part of the wastes treatment member depends in general on soil for all onsite systems. The soil also provides the ultimate treatment in most of the onsite systems.The wastewater is made free of contaminant particles when the contaminants passing play d atomic number 53 soil by contact with the aerobic microorganisms and also absorption to soil particles. The pathogens and contaminants are completely removed from the wastewater if it travels slowly finished 2 to 4 feet of unsaturated soil. If at all the wastewater is traveled quickly the treatment is not done completely and resulting in the contamination of the underground water. point if the wastewater travels too slowly the saturation of the soil understands place aerobic treatment will also not take place.The conviction at which the wastewater is to be passed should be determined by the soil permeability. It is primarily affected by food grain and structure of the soil. The texture of the soil means the physical nature of the soil with respect to portions of sand, clog up and clay. The travelling of the water depends on the particle surface of the soil. It travels quickly by means of the coarse soil and slowly in clayey soils. Soils whose structure is horse barn will allow more water to pass through than that of those soils whose structure is unstable. The kind of soil absorption system that has to be determined is mainly based on the characteristics of the soil. 3. 0 ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS The conventional septic tank absorption system is used in less than 35% of the land in the United States of America. There are roughly areas that are not suitable for the conventional absorption system because of the soil. For the past several years alternative methods to the conventional method of absorption system take up been provided to develop effective sewage treatment to those soils which were formerly not suitable.Most of the alternative methods are clam up in the experimental stage. This chapter describes the ongoing status of the research being carried out on a number of alternative methods to the conventional septic tank-soil absorption system. The alternative systems for the soil absorption system are split into three groups * Alternative method for soil treatment and disposal systems * Alternative treatment devices * Alteration of wastewater in-house 3. 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SOIL TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS The main factor in identifying the onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems is the soil.For this reason, the research has been primarily focused mainly on evolution alternative soil absorption methods. v alternatives to the banal soil absorption field are described here. Of which three of them are the alternative methods of distributing effluent to standard soil absorption field, a voltaic pile or engross system, and an evapotranspiration system. Soil Clogging over time is an unavoidable occurrence for soil absorption systems. This problem is caused by the manner in which effluent Is delivered to the system.The flows occur to a soil absorption field when the effluent is displaced from a septic tank by a water use event in the syndicate. Such low volumes and irregular waste utilize only a small portion of the disposal trench area on all time. These cause clogging, progressive creeping failure and localized overloading. The following var. illustrates how the progressive failure reaches a advance of equilibrium along the full absorption field with respect to the time. To provide more akin employment of effluent over the complete trench area two systems crap been developed. The two systems are Dosing system and Pressure Distribution systems.DOSING SYSTEMS The dosing systems are face in the dosing tank. These dosing systems store the pretreated effluent and apply large doses to the soil absorption field by sedateness, siphon or pump at regular intervals of time. The surface of the soil is returned to an unsaturated condition by allowing the system to drain. The soil type determines the frequency of dosing. It usually ranges from one to four doses per day. EALUATION The specific cause for soil clogging is not well up understood, and close to question mum exists whether dosing is effective or not. Clogging still occ urs in dosing systems as well as standard systems.More research and particular(prenominal) tracking of installed systems is necessary. An additional dosing bedchamber and pump adds up to approximately $880 to $1000 to the price of the standard system. regulative circumstance capital letter State Guidelines for dosing systems have been issued. There are 57 systems on the state inventory. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Pressure distribution systems akin the dosing system store pretreated effluent for periodic distribution to the soil absorption field. Diameters of small radius are used to pump the effluent over the entire absorption field. The pressure distribution system provides the most uniform distribution.Such accurate distribution avoids the localized overloading problems. The additional benefit of dosing are also achieved with the Pressure Distribution system. EVALUATION The Pressure distribution systems are broadly suitable for permeable and coarse textured soils. This i s because they improve the potential for treatment by the distribution of the effluent evenly over the entire absorption field and sign on the potential for direct bypass of effluent to the ground water. The facility exist, actal woo and the maintenance constitute are around(prenominal) more in a pressure distribution system when compared with the gravity system.This is because of the additional cost of the dosing chamber and pumps which approximately adds to $800 to $1000 to the price of a standard system. The cost of installation of the absorption field is similar to that of the standard field. It is obvious that these systems result in the most effective treatment in coarse textured soils, but it is not clear whether or not the life of the absorption field is long lasted in fine grained soils. regulatory STATUS cap State Guidelines for pressure distribution Systems have been issued (revised kinsperson 1984).There are a list of 52 systems on the state inventory. alter DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS The effluent is not stored by the alternating distribution systems. instead the disposing of the pretreated effluent is carried out between two separate absorption fields. These absorption fields are constructed in close proximity and the fields are usually alternated yearbookly. This allows the unused field to drain and aerobic hogwash of clogging mat to take place. The residential systems are generally constructed with two capable fields each containing 75% to 100% of the essential surface area.EVALUATION Washington alternative system guidelines require each component field to contain 100% of the area required for a single field. In a conventional system it is also required that the soil meet its standards. therefore the installation cost is more and the benefit received is the increased life time of the absorption field. regulatory STATUS Washington state guidelines have been issued. There are two systems on the state inventory. MOUND OR FILL SYSTEMS T his is a pressure distribution system installed in a mound constructed on top of the natural soil.Such systems are used when the GWL is too close to the surface or when the soil is not permeable sufficiency or is too permeable. This mound is constructed of a coarse grained material usually sand through which the pretreated effluent travels before it reaches the original surface of the soil. veg cover and top soil are used to cover the mound. ordinarily the soil absorption field is constructed below the top soil. The mound system is placed on the top of the top soil layer and thus gains the additional benefit of this soil layer for the treatment.The treated effluent is mete out over laterally through the top soil until it is absorbed into the sub soil. EVALUATION These mound systems have emerged as an effective alternative for sites whose soils are unsuitable. Anyhow construction of a mound requires the transportation of large kernels of invigorated soil to the site and the mou nd must be carefully knowing and constructed properly in order to see that no problem occurs in the future. The design and installation cost of the mound system can cost between $4000to$8000. Therefore this the last option for installation. regulative STATUS Final state guidelines have been issued for the mound systems and there are 257 systems on the state inventory. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BEDS The evapotranspiration beds discharge the wastes into the air instead of the soil. The use of such beds is not allowed in those areas where the annual evaporation is more than the annual precipitation. These beds are lined with water hateful materials such as plastic, filled with crushed rock and sand, and again cover with top soil. Perforated pipe lines are used distribute pretreated effluents to the bed as in the conventional absorption system.EVALUATION Testing of 17systems took place in Easter operating theater and that revealed out poor transaction. All but one of the systems developed holes in the linear. They allowed the untreated effluent to enter the ground water. REGULATORY STATUS An experimental system permit would be required for installation of the evapotranspiration beds. 3. 2 ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT DEVICES The focus has mainly been on the disposal systems in an onsite research in the USA. However there has been most fill in reducing the clogging of soil absorption fields. This has led to in improving the quality or honor of the effluent from treatment devices.If the truth of the effluent is improved then the clogging in coarse unorganised soils is reduced. There are 2 devices in the pretreatment of wastewater, the septic tank and the aerobic tank. To provide an extra treatment to the effluents from septic tank and aerobic tank several technologies have been developed. Some of the devices are capable plenteous to produce the effluent suitable for surface discharge. However the surface discharge is not allowed in all states and so these types of sys tems can be utilized to improve the performance of the soil absorption field. AEROBIC TANKSAn aerobic tank is a water cruddy container which runs on the mechanism where the wastewater comes in contact with air. The decomposition of waste mathematical products takes place when they are in contact with the air. The separation of the solids and greases take place and the liquid waste is discharged into a disposal system. The solids must be pumped from the final chamber regularly. Aerobic tanks can reduce the BOD by 85% to 98% under ideal conditions and also reduce the Suspended Solids by 40% to 80%. A septic tank reduces BOD by 25% to 65% and suspended solids by 40% to 80%.EVALUATION Aerobic treatment devices are sensitive to any changes in the quantity of wastewater or the characteristics of the wastewater they are treating. In normal conditions, the effluent has not been shown to be of a higher purity than the septic tank effluent and the purity of the septic tank changes immensely with time. These are mechanical devices which require skilled men to operate it and also to maintain it. Since the aerobic tanks deal regular inspections and frequent maintenances, they are ruff suited for conditions where the vigilance is done by Wastewater Management territory or utility.REGULATORY STATUS Final state guidelines were issued in 1975 for the aerobic devices. No systems are illustrated on the state inventory. ANAEROBIC FILTERS These filters are mainly intentional to provide secondary treatment to septic tank effluent before they discharge to a soil absorption system. The filter is a water tight container which is filled with crushed rock or other soil type which will support microbial growth. Effluent is treated when it comes in contact with anaerobiotic organisms on the surfaces of the anaerobic filters. EVALUATION Development is still in the experimental stage for small residential systems.It is reported that anaerobic filters can reduce the BOD of septic tank effluent by 30% to 80% and can further reduce fecal coliform by 43% to 95%. No additional source of energy is required and the maintenance cost is almost similar to that for a septic tank. personify Estimations are not available. More research and field tests are needed. REFULATORY STATUS No state guidelines are there for anaerobic filters and an experimental system permit would be required. SAND FILTERS Many sand filter designs have been installed on an experimental basis for residential onsite use.Sand filters operate by tell pretreated effluent into or onto a layer of sand allowing it to drain through the sand where aerobic decomposition of the wastewater takes place and collecting the sift in a perforated pipe at the bottom of the filter. Filters may be constructed either above or below the ground. The systems that are constructed below the ground can be contained in a water tight vault or can also be uncontained in direct contact with the surrounding soil. Some filters send back part of the separate through the filter for further treatment. The liquid filtrate is ultimately addicted of in a soil absorption field.Sand filters are capable of producing very high quality of effluent with reported BOD and SS reductions of 99% and 97%, respectively. EVALUATION The Oregon Department of Environmental quality has conducted extensive research into the use of sand filters for residential use. Their research has shown good success at improving the ability of soils to accept and treat effluent on sites with soils that are not acceptable for the conventional systems. In cases where the soil conditions are very poor, an installation of sand filter is made to treat the effluent coming out of the septic tank before the disposal in the mound system.However this system might cost up to $1000. REGULATORY STATUS Washington State interim guidelines for sand filters have been issued and are currently being revised. 3. 3 IN-HOUSE ALTERATION OF WASTEWATER The main factors th at are taken into servant when designing onsite treatment and disposal systems are the quantity and quality of the wastewater being treated. These factors also have an key effect on the long term performance of those systems. Wastewater is created and its characteristics are determined by the water use habits of the residents belonging to the household.The quality of the wastewater is also influenced by the water use habits of the residents. One technique of altering the waste stream is one technique considered to permit onsite treatment and disposal on sites with less suitable soils. nursing home WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS Household wastewater characteristics vary widely with the time of day and the season. Wastewater from residential houses is affected by high physical exertion of water like the day of wash, holi long time and guests and periods of no flow in times of vacations. Below are given the values of average residential wastewater. usual household wastewater is 99. 9% water by weight, and 0. 02% to 0. 03% suspended solids, plus underage amounts of other soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic substances. Wastewater also contains bacterium, viruses and other microorganisms from the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin. Some of the physical and chemic characteristics of wastewater produced by various activities are listed below. TABLE 3. 1 HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ACTIVITY BIOLOGICAL atomic number 8 DEMAND SUSPENDED SOILS Kitchen activities 42% 27% Bathing and showering 6. % 6. 8% uniform washing 29. 9% 31. 3% Toilet Flushing 21. 8% 35. 8% marrow 100% 100% WASTE SEGREGATION Toilet flushes or cruddy wastes contribute approximately 35% of the water, 36% of the suspended solids, and 68% of the total nitrogen to the household waste stream. The volume and pollutant load of remaining water which is called grey water is reduced if the toilet wastes are treated respectively without using water. VAULT PRIVIE S Vault privies and holding tank systems store the waste products from toilet in a storage vessel which is water tight and is pumped out periodically?EVALUATION The storage systems are generally used to correct a temporarily correct a failing system but not always applicable to residential uses. REGULATORY STATUS Washington state guidelines have been issued and the use is restricted to non-residential applications. INCINERATING TOILETS The use of natural gas and electricity is made to incinerate toilet wastes in the incinerating toilets. In these toilets the solids are reduced to ash and the liquids are evaporated and vented to the outside. subsequently the ash is disposed of at regular intervals of time.EVALUATION Incinerating systems consume energy either from electricity or from natural gas and should go through a fifteen minutes treatment cycle after every use. Five to Six units installed in Kentucky in the early 1970s had been abandoned by 1978 because of high operation cost, associated doors and frequent problems of repairs. REGULATORY STATUS Washington state interim guidelines for incinerating toilets were issued. BIOLOGICAL TOILETS Biological toilets treat human wastes by composting. Composting takes place under specific conditions of temperature, moisture, exposure to Oxygen and the availability of carbon and nitrogen.This process of composting usually results in a relatively dry end product which is free from harmful components. This end product is intended for disposal as a soil additive. To assure successful treatment of wastes, proper maintenance of design and operation of composting toilets within the composting chamber. There are two common designs used, (1) small units where the entire unit is on the floor in the toilet room and (2) large toilets where the composting unit is below the floor. EVALUATION Even though they have been in use for many years, the design of composting or biological toilets is still evolving.Field testing in the United States of America has resulted in some problems. Two studies sponsored by U. S. EPA (Environmental shield Agency) and conducted in California and Oregon report generally poor performance including certain problems like excess buildup of liquid, problems caused by insects and rodents, structural failures and incomplete treatment of wastes. For certain units to operate efficaciously an added heating plant and forced ventilation are required. REGULATORY STATUS No existing regulations in the state of Ohio. GREYWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSALGrey water contains concentrations of organic materials, solids, nutrients and fecal bacteria which require treatment to that of the total household wastewater. A significant amount of wastewater created can be reduced by segregating the waste. EVALUATION Even though the conventional treatment and disposal methods are required, the segregation of mordant wastes allows the size of the system to be reduced significantly. Septic tank size can be reduce d by 50% and the capacity of the soil absorption field can be reduced by 40%. REGULATORY STATUS Guidelines for grey water treatment are include in the state regulations. . REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS To prevent the spread of diseases, the need for regulation of onsite sewage disposal became necessary. However specific construction requirements are many times difficult to justify in terms of preventing the spread of diseases. This difficulty led to vast differences in policy and allowed regulations to be influenced by political purposes as well as public health purposes. A national inspect of existing state codes in 1947 found bulky variation in requirements for onsite sewage disposal systems (Weibel, 1947, in Kreissl, 1982a).These maintainings prompted the U. S. Public health Service to become involved, and in 1957 they published the Manual of Septic-Tank Practice. A survey of all the states was conducted in 1971 and showed that most state codes had incorporated th e recommendations of the manual (Patterson, 1971, in Kreissl, 1984). Since that time, states have been revising their codes in response to local experience and impertinent research. In 1980 the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a externalise Manual for Onsite Wastewater sermon and Disposal.Newer or alternative onsite treatment technologies are more complex than that of the conventional systems and incorporate pumps, recirculation piping, aeration, and other features (e. g. , greater generation of residuals) that require ongoing or periodic monitoring and maintenance. However, the current management programs of most of the jurisdictions do not typically oversee routine operation and maintenance activities or detect and respond to changes in wastewater haemorrhoid that can overwhelm a system. In addition, in many cases onsite system planning and siting functions are not linked to larger ground water and watershed cheerion programs.The challenge for onsite treatment regulators in the new millenary will be to improve traditionalistic health based programs for ground water and surface water protection while embracing a vigorous role in protecting and restoring the nations watersheds. 5. CONCLUSION There are important problems not addressed by existing regulations 5. 1 Funding of Existing State Onsite Programs The Department of Social and Health Services currently has 1. 8 staff statewide for the entire onsite program. Department officials estimate that 4 to 5 full time staff would be required to adequately perform the states duties (Lenning, 1987). . 2 Operation and Maintenance The U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (1980) suggests that there are three distinct phases in the life of onsite systems that required to be controlled. * instalment * Operation * Maintenance The above phases of installation, operational cost and maintenance cost cause problems that may result i n system failures that threaten public health or damage the environment. Guidelines for alternative and experimental systems require some monitoring of operation as mentioned in theatrical role 4. 2.The difference between using an onsite system and being connected to a municipal sewer is usually not known to the home owners. Careful operation and careful maintenance is required for an onsite system to function properly. For example, there might be a serious effect on the operation of an onsite system with the use of garbage grinders or excessive water volumes (Refer Chapter 3. 3). An important maintenance function for most of the systems is pumping of septic tank. If this is not done properly it may result in the rapid failure of the soil treatment and disposal system (Refer Chapter 2. 2).Special operation and maintenance requirements are present in most alternative systems so that they can function properly. As of now there are no statewide requirements for operation and maintenan ce of conventional or alternative onsite systems. There are two possibilities to control the onsite system operation and maintenance. * reparation Inspection and documentation of maintenance * Community or regional wastewater management orders REGULAR INSPECTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE To adequately protect public health and the environment regular maintenance of the onsite wastewater systems is required.In some areas, the local governments require the property owners to provide local health regimen with evidence that their wastewater system is being operated and maintained properly. Inspections are conducted by health officials or licensed individuals, such as plumbers who are well trained and also are certified to carry out inspections. residential district OR REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS In the previous days onsite wastewater systems were considered temporary solutions until one of the areas were sewered. From then they have become an important wastewater treatment practice for many areas.The induced and often striking growth can be reduced with onsite system in low density areas. With the help of an onsite system the high costs for the construction of the traditional centralized sewer and treatment systems can also be reduced. The degradation of the ground water and the environment can be avoided if the management district sees that the maintenance of the onsite systems within the district is functioning properly or not. In some states wastewater management districts have been formed using a combination of alternative including individual and communal systems. . 3 FAILING SYSTEMS The repairs are usually difficult when a system fails because of its high repairing cost. The health officials find it difficult in the issues of failing systems. They are difficult to detect the cause of the failure and are even more difficult rectify the crack or to repair it. There are two regulatory problems, associate to alternate systems that aris e when a system fails. * If there is not enough land to construct an sanctioned backup system then a failing system may be find on this lot.If there is flexibility in the guidelines for the application of an alternative system or replacement systems, then this could allow people to improve their wastewater treatment system even if they are not able to meet all applications. * The lieu owner not being able to afford the cost of an approved replacement system Some funding assistance is required to help low income householders to rectify the onsite system deficiencies. For example if the failing system is located on soil that is not suitable for a conventional system, an alternative system may be required.The installation cost and operational cost are very high for alternative systems. 5. 4 WATER preservation The advantages of water conservation on the treatment of soil and disposal systems are described in section 3. 3. Some of the advantages of water conservation are. * The perfo rmance of soil absorption system is increased. * Savings in energy costs * Potential for correcting a system which is failing Several applications for water conservation to regulate to onsite regulations are * Regulations allow for soil-absorption field sizes to be decreased when it can be shown that low water use fixtures require a decrease.However some officials might be hesitant to permit the decreases in soil absorption field size fearing that the occupants in future might install non efficient fixtures and cause the system to fail. * Water conservation can be a cost effective method for correcting the failures of the system (Refer section 3. 3). There are currently no state guidelines for the application of this method. * Some states like Oregon and California have enacted a legislation which requires the installation of some water efficient fixtures in new construction (Puget Sound Water Quality, 1986). REFERENCES 1.Metcalf and flow (2002) Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Di sposal and Reuse, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York 2. Syed R Qasim, Wastewater Treatment Plants- Planning, Design and Operation, Second Edition. 3. Wikipedia www. wikipedia. org 4. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) FIGURES 1. Typical Septic Tank Soil Absorption System 2. Septic Tank (Adapted from Environmental Protection Agency, 1980) 3. Soil Absorption Field Cross Section 4. Typical Dosing Chamber with Pump 5. Mound System 6. Aerobic Treatment Unit (Aerobic Tank) 7. Sand Filter 8. Biological Toilets

A study on the comparison of Nokia and Samsung handsets Essay

CHAPTER 1The Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational chat and cultivation technical schoolnology Corporation that is head quartered in Espoo, Finland Nokia was the worlds largest vendor of lively straits from 1998 to 2012. However, its merchandise has been declined since last five remainss, with the introduction on touch sieve Smart bring forwards from former(a) vendors handle i bring forward by Apple, coltsfoot serial creationation by Samsung. Initially, Nokias erratics were on Symbian OS but with the increasing aspiration with Smartphones, Nokia tied up with Microsoft and started engagement Microsofts Windows Phone operational System. Samsung wandering is a South Korean caller-out head quartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. In 1993, Samsung developed its scratch-class honours degree lightest nimble. The SCH-800 and it was avail subject on CDMA ne tworks. Then they developed Smartphones and a phone combined mp3 player. At give birth Samsung atomic number 18 ded icated to the 3G indus adjudicate. reservation video, television camera phones at a speed to take up with consumer demand.Nokia Abs history started in 1865 when mining engineer Fredrik Idestam established a ground Wood Pulp Mill on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the townsfolk of Tampere, in Southwestern Finland. In 1868, Idestam reinforced a second manufacturing plant near the town of Nokia, fifteen kilometers (nine miles) West of Tampere, by the Nokianvirta river, which had better hy flake outower resources. In 1871, Idestam, with the help of close friend and statesman Leo Mechelin renamed and transformed his dissipated into a sh atomic number 18 reinvigorated set, thereby founding Nokia Ab. Nokia developed a digital switcher for telephone exchanges and excessively helped develop the worlds first mobile phone network. By the late 1980s Nokia had helped develop the GSM (Global standardised for Mobile communications) and had built more than 60 GSM networks in 31 coun tries or so the world.The company name came from the Nokianvirta river, nearby which Polons factories were located a hardly a(prenominal)er years later. Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-Chul in 1938 as a profession company. Over the next three decades the group diversified into atomic number 18as including food processing, textile, indemnification securities and retail. Samsung entered the electronic industry in the late 1960s and the construction and ship building industries in the mid 1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees deathin 1987, Samsung was separated into four business group- Samsung group, Shinsegae group, CJ group and Hansol group. Since the nineties Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities, particularly mobile phones and semiconductors chip in become its most all distinguished(p) source of income. bivalent SIM It was an important factors for Samsung in taking oer the foodstuff with the release of twofold SIM phone. In itially, Nokia was quite rigid till they finally launched their first Dual Sim Mobile Phone. But it was too late and by this Samsung, with its gigantic crop of dual sim mobile, had al attain captured the commercialise. Basic Features Samsung integrated with basic features identical Color Display, VGA Camera, FM etc with its broad(a) range of Mobile. Initially Nokia concentrated on reliability. Lately, Nokia did also implement these features, but till that time Samsung had captured the section of nine who were more inte serenityed in having basic features. Battery Battery is doubtless the greatest strength of Nokia. But over the years Samsung did quite a nice profession with their R&D and improve their battery superior as well. Smartphone In todays world there are coarse section givers in the society which are more tech savvy. Samsung introduced the orthogonalphone world with galaxy series like galaxy, galaxy Ace, Galaxy check and Galaxy S Series. Samsung uses the much user friendly android Operating System by google. Where Nokia stuck to their symbian OS and later with Windows OS. Such wide range of growths with user friendly nature helped Samsung to capture the marketplace in real short span of time. worth It is an important point in capturing the market. in that location are two sections of mobile user. One which goes for Less toll and other who dont care about the price. Smartly, Samsung did contribute a separate of basic features in low price and also introduced Smartphones series with wide range of harvest-tides for other section of mobile users. On the other hand, Nokia was over again rigid on price aim and concentrated more on select. Build Quality Nokia is make outn for the best build pure tone when it comes to booth phones. Samsung on the other hand is k at presentn for using cheap malleable components and making fairly fragile smartphones by comparison. Offline Music and Navigation In terms of offline music and navigatio n, Nokia provide better quality. Nokia Music app provides playlist all establish on your own listing of artists or premade by Nokia. Samsung does not provide any much(prenominal) features without paying an extra silver.Also Nokias here drive gets the lead over Samsung offline navigation. Even in indisputable areas Nokias Navteq map information is better than googles as per the re medical prognosiss.CHAPTER 2Here are the or so objectives which police detective has set up for the explore and tried to work on the set objectives which is full moony based on Comparison of Nokia and Samsung handsets among the mickle of Gangtok, and these are as followsa.To ruminate the selling schema adopted by Nokia and Samsung in promoting their handsets.b.To show how they receive placed the 4ps in their strategy.c.To analyse the sales volume and profitability of some(prenominal) the handsets.d.To know the drutherss of handsets among divergent age group and class of people in Gangtok.e. To study the reason for their commonity in this particular area.The Finnish phone maker has updated its handset portfolio at the high end to compete better with Samsungs super- achieverful razor phone, the refresh has been less than inspired. Nokias high-end phones are small, but theyre boxy. Samsungs high-end models are thin and slick. Samsung went for the wow effect, creating got to collapse it phones. Now, Nokia is playing catch-up. It all comes down to universe and product maturation, says Hoffman. Right now, Samsung is head and shoulders preceding(prenominal) Nokia in creating products that consumers desire. Something as simple as naming a phone s hire has created enormous buzz for the company, says Kelleher. Today, mobile phones are real common and overriding in our society. Human relationship and mental concentration are now placed by electronic connections mobile phones puddle become a necessity and this industry is taking every ones judgment by storm.While doing the survey unhomogeneous limitations came across interms of collection of info from retailers as well as from the responders. Some questions set for responders remained unanswered and some from retailers as because oftheir privacy. As inquiryer has to face limitation of time and money while doing this survey. Had there been more information researcher would have envelop many points.CHAPTER 3To assess the data both primary and secondary coil method of research has been conducted for more in-depth understanding and interpretation of study.To conduct the research the researcher has utilise both primary and secondary source of data. simple DataSources for primary data are limited and at multiplication it becomes difficult to obtain data from primary source because of scarcity of information or lack of cooperation. Regardless of any difficulty one advise face in collecting primary data, it is the most authentic and real data source. Following are some of the source of primary da taQuestionnairePersonal InterviewTelephone InterviewSecondary DataResearcher has used the secondary data from the following sourceBooksMagazinesNewspaper net incomeAs there was less time to have a contingent survey of Nokia and Samsung comparison. So on conducting this survey researcher has taken 30responders as a sample.While conducting this research, the researcher has used Simple Random try to collect the unlike data according to the study material. On the backside of collection of data interpretation and analysis has been made.CHAPTER 4NokiaNokia has successfully used its marketing strategy to target diversecustomers from around the world. Its products are evenly used by rural as well as people of the urban areas. The company is using the right blend of standardization and adaption. Nokia standardized its product when possible and customize its product when needed. As the market for cellular phone is passing through the growth stage manufactures is continued. Nokia is usin g hard-hitting marketing strategy in the global market. Nokia is increasing its sales in its market of al instal on tap(predicate) products through increase strong location strategy, promotional activities and competitive pricing strategy and thus company is able to increase the sales for its product.SamsungSamsung established many Samsung mobile stores to increase the visibility of the marque promotion. Offering advanced engineering science products and positioning itself on the technology platform lead not help a company grapple its products if it fails to communicate properly with the potential customers. Samsung adopted various marketing strategies like celebrity endorsements, corporate advertisements, highlighting its technological superior franks and many promotional schemes.Nokia Retailers legal injuryThe pricing strategies used by Nokia vary from fact to situation and from product to product. For vanguard technological products that are newly designed by the compa ny R&D, the company use first the graze marketing strategy and then decrease the price. While for cost-effective products that focus on economy, the company use penetrating pricing strategy.PlaceThe company statistical distribution network is situated in 150 countries and the company is still using its aggressive marketing strategy to boost its network and market development strategy to target new markets from around the world. promotionThe company success can be traced to the excellent promotion activities carried out by the organization. The company use integrated marketingcommunication to promote its various products in different region of the world. Nokia tries to attract customers towards their product through various advertizement sales promotion etc.ProductThe focus of the marketing efforts of Nokia is loosely on handset manufacturing only. The company is constantly enhancing its product portfolio by investiture constantly new models. The mobile phones that are manufactur ed by Nokia have two diverse focuses either low costs or cutting-edge technology. The products of the company are adopted as per the specific markets situation.Samsung RetailersPriceBecause of its nominal head in different product categories, Samsung uses various pricing strategies. Samsungs smart phones are one of the best in the market and are the market leader in terms of the features and USPs that they provide. The recent Samsung Note 3+ Gear is another entrance in the market which is catching peoples eyes. Thus, Samsung uses skimming price for these products wherein in tries to get a high value in the start before competitors catch up. Once the model is old or any competitor has launched a similar products, Samsung immediately drops the price.PlaceSamsung is present through various assembly lines in the market. It works on the channel marketing concept wherein there are three segments. Sales and servicing dealers, modern retail and distributors. The sales and service dealers handle key accounts for Samsung and are involved in corporate sales. These dealers may also open goop Samsung showrooms. Samsung being such a branded product, the retailers are bound to keep Samsung as an alternative for their customers.PromotionSamsung uses multiple forms of promotions. Samsung as a company believes in pulling the customer to themselves through advertising but at the product to the customer through sales promotions. Thus, on one hand, Samsung uses various marketing vehicles across the year covering festive season as well as non-festive time.ProductThe benefit of Samsung in terms of its product is that there is a trust on all Samsung products because of the way Samsung products have performed in the last few years. Problems with the products has been negligible. And with its smartphones, Samsung has achieved a status of symbol for its customers. At the same time, Samsung is known for its service and people know that Samsung gives a very fast service for any of its product.Samsung beats Nokia in total phone shipments. It had already overtaken Nokia in sales volume and profitability last year but this is the most cited metric of market performance being the biggest in volume. Samsung growth is shown to be almost entirely due to smartphones while Nokias stagnant growth seems to be failure to have any smartphone attraction.CHAPTER 5Brand and price are the main factors for consumers both in the 18 to 24 and in the 40 to 44 age groups. However, for the upstarter group, multimedia system features such as a camera and styling are more important in deciding which phone to buy. In a generalized view, handsets for young adults serve as part social networking portal, part ad hominem pastime widget and part fashion statement. For the older adults, in stemma, handsets serve a more utilitarian function of basic communications for work and personal use. Savvy service providers and handset brands are figuring out these preference patterns and are devis ing feature sets and service bundles that are highly targeted for various ages and needs.Popularity of Nokia in GangtokNokia offer online troubleshooting, live chat and a support meeting place through their website. A call centre is in operation 7 days a week and the Nokia Care app is available to download dethaw for selected devices. Customers covered by warranty are also able to drop damaged products off at any place, to be sent to true technicians for assessment free of charge. Most of all because of Nokia Lumia as it is the Window phone with a modern dual- shopping centre central processing unit and the first with an HD screen it is most familiar among the people of Gangtok.Popularity of Samsung in GangtokSamsung offer product support in the form of live chat Monday to Saturday, email and a customer support hotline available during standard working hours. They have also established Customer assist Plazas in most major cities with showrooms, repair offices and warranty clai m and tracking offices. As Samsung has both humanoid and Smartphones operating system and has superior quality screens and excellent connectivity, as well as social networking capabilities that is the reason Samsung is public among the people of Gangtok.When was the last time you heard of something new and exciting from Nokia. In last 6 months only talk worthy and successful mobile launched by Nokia is, Nokia N8. Nokia has been really slow in addressing market requirements and new handsets and innovation has been rare. Result Nokia is losing its market share in each and every geography and market segment. On the other hand, Samsung has been formly gaining market share as well as mind share in all geographies and market segments. Some of the key reasons for Samsungs success are Innovation in mobile technology, catching market trends early and serving them well.Following is an analysis of where Nokia and Samsung stand with respect to different segmentsTop-end PhonesSamsung has mu ltiple options available in top-end smart phone segment with popular mobiles like Samsung Galaxy S (Android), Samsung focalisation (Windows Phone 7) and Samsung Wave Series (Bada OS). Nokia just has 1 decent popular phone in this segment Nokia N8. While Nokia N8 has got acceptable reviews about its hardware, it has been criticized for its software package / OS, as being outdated. Samsung in general has won accolades from both critics and public for its range of top end smart phones. victor SamsungMid-range PhonesNokia has some good midrange phones available like Nokia C6, Nokia C5, and Nokia E5 etc. These are good Symbian devices and do their job well. Samsung has also been able to create a good buzz in this segment with its mid-rangegalaxy series and Corby series phones. Winner Tie. Both Samsung and Nokia have good range of phones in this segment.Entry-Level PhonesNokia has some good options here. But over last few years, the Indian handset manufacturers are giving Nokia a toug h fight with feature rich, value for money phones in this segment. Samsung also has many phones in this segment like Samsung Guru Series which are good value for money. Over all Samsung and Nokia are at par in this segment. Winner Tie. Both Samsung and Nokia have good range of phones in this segment.Dual SIM PhonesSamsung is clearly a winner here. It has many good dual sim phones across entry-level and mid range phones. Nokia just has a copulate of dual sim phones. Winner SamsungCDMA PhonesCDMA Phones also have a good market base. Nokia has very few CDMA phones available in the market. On the other hand Samsung has many options in CDMA segment. It also has tie ups with CDMA service providers like Reliance and Tata Indicom. Winner SamsungNokia appeared on the face of it heading towards becoming the flagship bearer of the Windows Phone operating system, but it has stupefied everyone by announcing a phone with the Android operating system. Many have criticized the company for not ad opting this Google powered operating system, but they seem to have answered this calls by the launch of the Nokia X. Unlike most of the Android phones in the market, this device uses the free version of the software. One of the phones competing alongside it will be the Samsung Galaxy Core.PhilosophyThe Android operating system found on the Nokia X is vastly different from the one found on the Galaxy Core. The latter(prenominal) uses the traditional Android OS along with the Touchwiz user interface to give back a similar design to most Samsung users. Nokia, meanwhile, tries to bring the best of both worlds. Itnot only offers the popular Android operating system with its huge availability of apps, but it also provides the phone its own ecosystem of apps. This is largely built upon the maps, which have till date emerged as one of the greatest competitors of the Google maps. mightinessLike the philosophies, the way the phones approach the user are also highly different. Samsung manages to leap ahead through the use of a slightly potent processor and significant amount of additional RAM. It comes with specifications of a dual core 1.2 GHz processor and 1 GB of RAM. This is a sharp contrast to Nokia, which offers the Nokia X with a dual core 1 GHz processor and 512 MB of RAM. The difference with regard to power end here because both phones came with the same snapdragon processor and Adreno 203 graphics processing unit. They also come with the Android 4.1 version as standard. The user interface, though, is highly differentiable between the two devices due to the usage of the touchwiz user interface of the Samsung.Google ApplicationBringing the full version of the Android operating system in the Samsung has its own advantages since the phone includes a number of Google apps by default. Google search, YouTube, Gmail, Calendar are some of the different Google elements that come integrated with the phone. However, they can be introduced on the Nokia X as well, but most users will prefer their being inbuilt sooner than having to install separately.CHAPTER 6Researcher has analysis the data that are provided by different customers in Gangtok. Researcher further explain the information in the format of pie graph as follows comment It is clear that 50% users use Samsung, 34% use Nokia and rest 16% use other phone. interpretation we overall can see that 20% of Nokia users are snug with the product and 23% of users are not at rest. Along with this 27% ofSamsung users are satisfactory with the product they use and 23% are not well-to-do. interpreting As we clearly see that most of the mobile phone users are ready to purchase cell phone just because of its brand name and rest 33% are denying with the brand name purchasation. recitation It is clear from the supra pie chart that most of the Nokia users says that Nokia gives the good battery back up as compare to Samsung mobile phones. And it is being positive vive indoors the Nokia users about their pr eferences.INTERPRETATION It is noticed that 53% of Samsung users agreed that Samsung mobiles are very good in business point of view because Samsung provide different apps to carry such business work. And 40% Nokia users believe in Nokia for business work.INTERPRETATION It is clear from the above chart that 67% Samsung users believe that Samsung mobiles provides better camera clearity as compare to Nokia phones. And 33% Nokia users believe that Nokia provides better camera clearity.INTERPRETATION The above pie chart shows that only 33% of Nokia users believe that Nokia mobiles provide better big(p) quality. And rest 67% of Samsung users believe that Samsung mobiles provide good sound quality.INTERPRETATION It is true answer given by Samsung users that Samsung phones provide better dual sim phones as compared with Nokia mobiles phones. Samsung provide dual sim facility right from mid-range phone to top-end phones.INTERPRETATION It is a tie result from the above pie chart that both t he Nokia and Samsung mobile users believe that both the company provides more cell storehouse computer memory right from internal storage to external storage.INTERPRETATION From the above pie chart it is being clear that 67% of Samsung users believe that Samsung mobile has better screen dissolving agent and 27% of Nokia users believe that Nokia mobiles has better screen resolution.CHAPTER 7 promptAfter completion of field work on questionnaire, objective and based on the data collected, researcher has analyse and made some mesmerism according to it. They are as followsResearcher have seen that 50% users use Samsung mobile phones as compare to Nokia. So, Nokia should focus on the user approachability and promote their products for the users.Researcher has found that users are very much satisfied with the Samsung handsets. So, the Nokia should provides customer satisfaction either through their apps or various facilities within the handsets.As the brand name provides trust within the customer and are ready to purchase just because of brand name. So, both the company should try to upgrade their handsets widely according to the users.It has found that most of the users are satisfied with the Nokia battery back-up as compare to Samsung. So, in this regard Samsung should improves their battery back-up and go for their market.It has been seen that camera clearity provided by Samsung is most trustable as compare to Nokia as 67% users believe in Samsungs camera clearity. So, Nokia should focus in their camera so that it does not loss their interest from the users.It has been seen that Samsung has multiple options available in top-end smartphone segment whereas Nokia just has 1 decent popular phone in this segment i.e., Nokia N8. So, Nokia should try to launch new and more top-end segment phones to compete with Samsung.In dual sim phones Samsung is clearly a winner. Nokia just has a couple of dual sim phones. So, to beat Samsung, Nokia should improve their dual sim phones right from entry level phones to top-end phones.CONCLUSIONOver the last two decades the mobile phone market has gone through tremendous changes, with unbelievable products and rapid growth in the market. The growth of the market is still continued. Nokia is using its creative marketing strategies to check over its market through strong positioning andcompetitive strategy in order to beat the competition. Whereas Samsung establish many stores to increase the visibility of the brand promotion. Samsung adopt various marketing strategies like celebrity endorsement, corporate advertisement for promotional of their product and capture the market as well. As the popularity of Nokia mobile phones is quite scarce within the Gangtok area as compare to the Samsung mobiles phones, which is highly popular within the teenagers and old age persons of Gangtok. Lastly, if the company continue to bring down its strategies according to the needs and wants of the target market, it chances for success in the market will increase even more.Websiteswww.studymode.com/essays/Samsung-Mobile-Phone-39587872.html www.studymode.com/essays/Samsung-Mobile-1211966.htmlwww.studymode.com/essays/Research-Report-On-Comparative-Study-On-1496464.html www.arjunsingh84.hubpages.com/hub/Nokia-Vs-Samsung-Features www.ordoh.com/2014/05/nokia-samsung-galaxy-core-specifications-pricing-comparison/ www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/marketing-strategies-used-by-nokia-marketing-essay.phpMagazineMY MOBILE (For a attached Lifestyle)Nokia Asha 230 Dual SIMNokia Asha OS v1.1.11.3 MP, 1280 x 1024 pyx chest..Price Rs.3,197/-Nokia XLNokia X OS v1.0Ext5.0MP, 25921944 pyxPrice Rs.9,195/-Nokia X PlusNokia X OS v1.03.0 MP, 2048 x 1536 pix chestPrice Rs.11,000/-Nokia XNokia X OS v1.03.0 MP, 2048 x 1536 PixPrice Rs.6,849/-Nokia Asha 230Nokia Asha OS v1.1.11.3 MP, 1280 x 1024 PixPrice Rs.3,210/-Nokia Lumia 630Microsoft Windows Phone 5.0 MP, 2592 x 1944 PixPrice Rs.10,500/-Nokia Asha 503 Dual SIMNokia Asha OS v1.25.0 MP, 2592 x 1944 PixPrice Rs.6,167/-Nokia Lumia 1320Microsoft Windows Phone 8Ext5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.17,900/-Nokia Lumia 525Microsoft Windows Phone 85.0 MP, 2592 x 1944 PixPrice Rs.8,909/-Nokia 515 Dual SIMNokia Series 405.0 MP, 2592 x 1944 Pix...Price Rs.8,999/-Samsung Galaxy S3 NeoAndroid OS, v4.2 (Jelly Ext8.0MP, 32642448 PixPrice Rs.22,981/-Samsung Galaxy S3 Mini VE I8200Android OS, v4.2.2 (JellExt5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.15,960/-Samsung Galaxy S3 Neo Plus I9300IAndroid OS, v4.3 (Jelly Ext8.0MP, 32642448 PixPrice Rs.25,345/-Samsung Galaxy Note 3 NeoAndroid OS, v4.3 (Jelly Ext8.0MP, 32642448 PixPrice Rs.30,353/-Samsung Galaxy Grand NeoAndroid OS, v4.3 (Jelly Ext5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.15,000/-Samsung Galaxy S Duos 2 S7582Android OS, v4.2 (Jelly Ext5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.8,309/-Samsung Galaxy Core Plus G3500Android OS, v4.2 (Jelly Ext5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.13,251/-Samsung Galaxy tether Pro S7260Android OS, v4.1.2 (Jell2.0 MP, 1600 x 1200 PixePrice Rs.5,328/-Samsung Galaxy Star Pro S7262Android OS, v4.1 (Jelly 2.0 MP, 1600 x 1200 PixePrice Rs.5,391/-Samsung Galaxy Trend S7392Android OS, v4.0 (Ice Cr3.0 MP, 2048 x 1536 PixePrice Rs.6,715/-Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Duos I9192Android OS, v4.2.2 (JellExt8.0MP, 32642448 PixPrice Rs.16,999/-Samsung Galaxy Victory 4G LTE L300Android OS, v4.0.4 (Ice Ext5.0MP, 25921944 PixPrice Rs.16,372/-QUESTIONNAIREName long time Address Occupation1)Which mobile you are using? a) Nokia b) Samsung c) Other2)Are you satisfied with product you are using i.e., Nokia/Samsung? a) NokiaYes/No b) SamsungYes/No3)Will you be ready to buy a Nokia/Samsunghandsets just because of its brand name? a) Yes b) No4)Which provide good battery back-up? a) Nokia b) Samsung5)Which would you prefer in business point of view? a) Nokia b) Samsung6)Which gives better camera clearity? a) Nokia b) Samsung7)Which cell companies have better sound quality? a) Nokia b) Samsung8)Which company provides better dual sim phones? a) Nokia b) Samsung9)Which company has more cell memory storage? a) Nokia b) Samsung10)Which company do you think provides better screen resolution? a) Nokia b) Samsung

My Last Duches by Robert Browning

Among the many poems that atomic number 18 found in Booth, Hunter and Mayes The Norton entre to Literature, it is with aside affray that Elizabeth Barrett Brownings How I Love Thee makes one of the most elicit reads to many. It is against this background knowledge that the poem has been chosen for analysis and reflection. Personal Reaction to the poesy The poem How Do I Love Thee by is by remote one of the richest poems in terms of both the internal qualities of the poem much(prenominal) as the theme and external qualities such as stylistic devices be considered.For instance, as far as extrinsic or aesthetic profuseness of the poem is concerned, the use of rhymes is heavily surviving, non only for the aesthetic purposes, exclusively to also help bolster the theme. Some of the rhymes found in no workforceclature such as Height and Sight, Grace and Days, Candlelight and Right, Praise and Faith, Use, abide and Choose, Depth and Breadth, Needy and Purely, Death and Breath (Booth, 125). That the rhymes are used to expound on the simile that the author uses to divulge on the panache of her feelings to her dear still underscores the theme and extent of wonder in the poem.Some of the subordinate clauses that are colored by these similes are as men strive for reform and as they turn from praise. Personal Explication of the poem The gravity of the poem in this case, is not hinged upon the heaviness of the theme or topic in itself, but the manner in which artistic and linguistic devices are harnessed to bring out the beauty and weightiness of the topic or theme being discussed. Particularly, it is through the use of language aesthetic ally that Browning expresses what honor is.For instance, readers get the public opinion that love should remain constant, at the mentioning of a love that remains extant throughout the authors life breath in the 12th stanza. That love should be based on unbosom will in property of compulsion is also underscored in the 7th stanza as the author mentions her love as being premised on free will as men strive for that which is right. Among a host of other virtues, love is expressed as being backed up by responsible actions by the referring of Love with a passion being to use in the 9th stanza (Browning, 75).Personal Feelings Evoked By the Poem The feelings evoke feelings of genuine love that love that commits itself to and through responsible action, as opposed to fickle feelings stanza 9. This love is expressed as being free stanza 7, pure stanza 8, and constant through the vagaries of life and present at the pull down of death stanzas 11-14. What the Poem Says About Life and the Human Condition It is against the backdrop of the above feelings and standpoints adduced by the poem that matters regarding life and human condition devolve to the fore.Particularly, it is this love that is needed in marriage with the high spates of divorce the population over attesting about its absence. The importance of this love transcends the marriage spectrum to permeate all facets of life and human existence. It is this kind of love that, upon existing, would see man assumption to philanthropy to better fellow mans welfare rather of building nuclear arsenals and indulging in the snares of avarice, folly and prejudice. Works Cited Booth, Alison. The Norton Introduction to Literature. WW Norton & Co. Inc. , 2004. Browning, B. Elizabeth. The Wondering Minstrels How Do I Love Thee? New York SAGE, 2005.

The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury

William Franklin, illegitimate son of Dr. asa dulcis Franklin grew up almost entirely in England. It was there that he take in his Masters degree from Oxford, got accepted to the bar and even married. He returned to America and 1763 and became Governor of New tee shirt. Although William was come up educated and a compelling administrator, the office of the Governor was losing power and although his first two age were generally uneventful, several scandals paved the way for his demise.The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the tocopherol Jersey Treasury and the second being his refusal to dismiss the Treasurer. Both these acts began to execute for very ill feelings towards him. Still, Franklin stayed loyal to the British crown, which not only comprise him in the eyes of the residents but also stopped him for receiving much essential military support. In 1774 people began to reject the royal government and when the transmutation began he was nearly powerless in ever y way, to act against it.It was his allegiance to England that strained his human relationship with his father, Dr. gum benzoin Franklin. As Williams unpopularity grew, so his relationship failed. After the American Revolution began, he made his siding with the Loyalists well known and fought bitterly with his father about his decision to remain a loyal patriot. As the War progressed, this internal strife grew. In 1775 William and Benjamin parted ways, never to meet as friends again.With Americas immunity to Britain tightening, and now young Franklins motives being openly challenged, New Jersey took action. In 1776 the New Jersey Congress ordered Williams arrest and he was imprisoned until 1778 when he was exchanged. piece of music imprisoned, William suffered both physically and emotionally. While on her endingbed George Washington wrote a letter to Congress asking that she be allowed to lift up William, but Benjamin did not weigh in, and the request was denied.After his rele ase he stayed in New York for a brief period and served as chairperson of the Board of Associated Loyalists, a pro-British party that conducted guerilla war against the colonies. Four years later Williams returned to England, never to come back to America again. It is said that he did reconcile with his father in 1784, but upon Benjamin Franklins death he left William virtually none of his wealth and only mentioned him in his autobiography is very indirectly and only to say they are on good standing.Dr. Franklin also makes the point that if had England had won the war, he would have no wealth to leave his son anyway. Some theorize that when William died in 1813, that he had reconciled with his father. Others say Benjamin did meet in England with William to forgive and forget. While history does prove this meeting, it does not prove any reconciliation and does allege that Dr. Franklin slipped away on his last day, never saying goodbye to his son.

Review of a Quality Department

5.4.1 reference divisionamazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0978073.001.pngHarmonizing to Introduction of ISO 9000 ( 2007 ) and Crosby ( 1994 ) , writer create a administration sturcture of fictional character Department for JG. ( recognise double 14 ) The timberland Department is straight aerated by GM.Figure 14 step Department map SturctureThe chief map of the grapheme Department includes case self-confidence ( QA ) , quality Engineer ( QE ) and musical note restrainer ( QC ) .1 ) Quality ControlThe authorized QI Department impart be unplowed and obligated for the Final Quality Control ( FQC ) . FQC is responsible for inspecting concluding products. It is the move esteem of the take.Income Quality Control ( IQC ) is responsible for the material quality see to it and revue. This responsibility in the first bum is a portion of responsibility of Wargonhouse and tag on Purchase Department. JG has to choose the materials from those sections and set up these force s to IQC.The chief duty of In answer Quality Control ( IPQC ) and Line Quality Control ( LQC ) is touring the labor line and im horizon maps on a regular basis to do certain the production processes move good. Once they lay bulge out any issues, they bequeath instantly describe it. Materials from IPQC and LQC could be selected from the another(prenominal) sections. These employees should hold work experiences in quality review and deception section and besides familiar with production line.2 ) Quality AssuranceSupplier Quality Assurance ( SQA ) is responsible for sing the supply materials quality. JG leave al whiz delegate an examiner in Supply company for trying trial. The material who responsible for SQA is originally belong to the Supplier Purchase Department, and he pull up stakes be logical to the SQA.Document Control Centre ( DCC ) is responsible to Documents filing and agreement. Such as ISO 9000 paperss and Enterprise Standard Documents. Forces who charge with th e paperss get out be selected from the General personal matters Department.The inspectors in sue Quality Assurance ( PQA ) inspect the merchandises sample in the production line. This review activity is harmonizing to the merchandises choice criterion. PQA Inspector get hold of to excuse whether to let go of the merchandises to the following swear outs. This responsibility depart delegate to the original QI section, which nonplus link experience and cognition. Final Quality Assurance ( FQA ) in JG is assigned to an external Quality Audit Company.2 ) Quality EngineeringThe map of QE involves Defects digest System ( DAS ) mischance abridgment ( FA ) Continuous Process Improvement ( CPI ) Equipment Inspection Customer advantage ( CS ) TrainingThe materials that charge the CS forget be selects from the deal Department. The Equipment Inspection workers be from the original Electromechanical Department. The DAS, Training and FA will be assign to the hatful who have work experiences in quality review and fabrication section and besides familiar with production line.Harmonizing to the Quality Department map, the employees naming agreement will be assign to the Human imaging Department. They get to disscuss with the senior director and the concluding consequence will be decided by the General Manger and Board of Director. A science shift Chart will be employ to prop the deed spreads of either freshly naming materials The company might necessitate to see engaging some new employees for the Quality Department every sub computer computer architectural planmeme good. A open cognitive mathematical process of organizing the Quality Department is showed in Figure 15.Step1Step2Step3Step4Step5Step6Figure 15 Puting up Quality Department5.4.2 DMAIC Processes Improvement initiate1 ) DefineThe aim of the define stages of the surgical mathematical process direction procession determine is to specify the needed for bettering the production proce sses of mark house. The undermentioned piece explained the activities performed within individually stage of the bettering attack, and the digs applied within to apiece one stage.Define procedure amelioration demandBefore analyzing this procedure, nevertheless, a brief program needs to be raddled of what precisely JG require. In this stage, JG has to place and sort the demand to optimise and streamline the fabrication processes. This chore will be assigned to the Manufacturing manager who is the undertaking title-holder. A Gap Analysis will be conducted to depth psychology the up-to-date duty procedures and identified the demand to advancement.Establish section ends, undertaking range, aims and undertaking programIn swan to hear the fabrication section ends, the undertaking range and aims, the police police police team Quality Assistant, the Process Analyst, and the Consulting Manager will interview the Manufacturing employees. Then the melioration police squad s et up the betterment undertaking program, undertaking agenda and unattached resource.Form procedure betterment squadA procedure bettering squad will be built to implement this programme. A squad mission, function and duty are showed in parry 5. The squad make a undertaking program with activities, a timeline, and resources. aggroup MissionDocument the bing fabrication procedures to bring forth processs and to place and implement fabrication procedure bettermentsFunctionDutyManufacturing material as procedure proprietorProvides procedure cognition and identifies and implements betterment bechancesManufacturing Manager as Project ChampionEstablishes squad mission and ends.Provides project team resources and support. police squad Quality Assistant as Black BeltProvides squad aid.Provides proficient TQM and Lean tool cognition.Provides best pattern for fabrication procedures.Process AnalystPrepares certification.Collects procedure informations.Identifies betterment chances.Consulting Manager?Provides equal cognition and way.Manages advisers.Table 10 Procedure Improving Team Mission, Role and accountabilityThe squad members include Manufacturing Manager, Manufacturing Stuff, and a Team Quality Assistant, a Process Analyst and a Consulting Manager. Because JG does non hold quality and lean-six sigma accomplishment forces, the Team Quality Assistant, the Process Analyst and the Consulting Manager will be employed from an out-of-door consulting house.2 ) MeasureThe end of the step stage of the procedure betterment model is to understand and chronicle the processes bing plaza. The undermentioned subdivision will grow the activities performed within each stage of the bettering attack and the tools applied within each stage.Profile underway provinceThe Manufacturing materials need to discourse and map the current province procedures of their fabrication procedures. The Manufacturing Stuff could utilize procedure Map to profile the current procedures. These Proc ess Maps will place the phases involved in the Manufacturing Department activities related to the fabrication processes. And the Manufacturing Stuff besides need to happen out the written and extemporary regulations that administrated the procedures, the procedure existed and un-existed appraisals. Team besides need to place the responsible people of each procedure.Manufacturing Stuff who familiar with the current flow and the sequence of procedures need to roll up and gauge the mean procedure clip and related informations with the Process Analyst. These informations will be apply to understand the current semipublic baffleation and the farther analysis of the procedures. Some info Sheets Collection could be use present to document the informations, a sample showed below.Procedure NameProcedure OwnerDurationActivityTimeTable11 Sample of Data aggregation sheetThen an initial VSM will be force to show the current province procedures.After pulling the current VSM, a vision of th e full fabrication procedure could be known and jobs that fetch to treat inefficiencies and mistakes, such as, inefficient determination and deciding defectives will be initial realised in this stage. Through analyzing and mensurating the public presentation position, the effective statistics will be collected and documented.In add-on, in order to understand the degree of accomplishments and preparation of the employee, appraisal and profile of the personal and cultural province is necessary. A TPS-Lean Six Sigma Implementation Quick S back could be apply to measure the degree of credence to alteration of personal.Identify spreads from best patternQuality facilitator will present best pattern processes to the bettering squad, and so they have to look into some cogency pattern fabrication procedures. Then compare the current province procedures to the efficacy pattern processes. Team could carry on a simple Gap Analysis to place the spreads. A preparation matrix mess be emplo y here to place the spreads of the forces preparation.Identify jobs that contribute to treat inefficiencies and mistakesVSM could be used to place non-valued added activities, particularly related to unneeded work and rework. VSM can place the firms belongingss and engineering and link them with the procedure of presenting the value, supplying an auditable link between assets, operational action and value ( Mills et al. , 2003 ) .A cerebrate will be used to happen out the jobs in the procedures every bit good. Then a list of jobs will be do in this subdivision.After the Measure stage, current province procedures of fabrication will be profiled and the jobs of procedures will be identified.3 ) AnalysisThe end of the analysis stage of the operation direction betterment model is to place the jobs of procedures that are doing inefficiencies and mistakes and their simmer down grounds. Besides, they need to analyze the jobs and procedure inefficiencies and define betterment chances. percent of the analyse stage is to implement a cost-benefit analysis and Force subject area Analysis to understand whether the betterments are excessively expensive compared with the estimated benefits to better cogency and quality.Identify composition causes of jobsHarmonizing to the jobs found in the step stage, fabricating material demands to place the root causes of the jobs of the list. These jobs of the fabrication procedures will be classified into different facets. For illustration, people ( inadequateness of quality consciousness ) , methods ( deficiency of systematical quality direction ) , environment and so on. A Fishbone Map will be used to place the root causes.Analysis the spreads and jobs of the proceduresIn order to happen out the spreads of procedures, squad demand to compare the current province procedures of JG with the other pattern instances. Besides through compared the procedure maps, the non-value added activities will be identified. Then a Pareto Chart and SPC will be applied to understand the cardinal component of the procedures.Find out bettermentchancesand do an betterment programHarmonizing to the issues, which were found in last stages, Manufacturing Stuff, Process Analyst and quality facilitator will place betterment chances of the procedures. A Procedure FMEA will be conducted here to scram the tribulations and issues of the procedures and discourse the personal effects and possible actions to decide the jobs. Then an betterment program will be developed this subdivision. Some TQM and Lean tools can be used to decide the jobs.Assess feasibleness andanalysiscosts-benefit of betterment programAfter developed betterment program, Team members need to discourse and analysis whether this program is deserving implementing or non. A Force Field Analysis and Cost-benefit analysis will be conducted in this subdivision. They have to seek to eliminated reinforce of the betterment undertaking and beef up the impulsive force.4 ) Better The end of the improve stage of the operation direction betterment model is to implement the betterments, step the rival of the betterments and put down practises and train employees on the improved practise.Implement betterment programThen a fabrication procedure betterment program will be implemented. First, they need to make an murder program for each betterment and detailed the costs and benefits of each betterment activity. This betterment undertaking should be included redesign appropriate procedures and optimize the procedures flow.A hebdomadal position studies which include the complete assignments and current position during that clip and assessed accomplishment day of the month is a portion of the undertaking. at variance(p) jobs should be documented every bit good.Evaluate impact of the bettermentsAfter the chief betterment undertaking is applied, Process analyst and Manufacturing Stuff need to measure the impact of the betterment for each procedure. Takt Time, SPC an d other Thin tools can be used to measure the betterment procedure. A signifier to show the estimated initial affect clip, estimated optimised processing clip and proportion lessening of treating times could be used in this subdivision.Documenting processsProcess analyst demand to utilize computing machine to document the optimised and standardized procedure, which included elaborate procedure stairss and the procedure informations. The optimised procedure should be displayed to the employees in their workshop, so the employees would non confound about the procedure they involve.5 ) ControlThe aim of the control stage of the operation direction betterment model is to implement public presentation rating and other methods to command and endlessly better the procedures.Design and implement procedure public presentation stepsQuality facilitator will embolden some procedure public presentation steps to assist evaluate the productiveness and quality of the fabrication processes. Some TQM and Lean tools will be introduced in this subdivision, such as Pareto Chart, SPC and Affinity Diagram.Implement auninterrupted procedure betterment procedure to go on bettermentA PCDA theoretical account will be recommended to the squad to better continually.Observe the successes, wages andplacethe undertaking squad membersThe last and important measure of the control stage is to take the clip to observe the betterment attempt. They can put up a wages to undertaking and publish a certification to the member or merely something every bit simple as traveling out to lunch to observe. The purpose of celebrating is animating the passion of the employees, but besides to make an ambiance, which makes the employees have more active spirit.5.4.3 imperfect Prevention ApproachThe following measure to better JGs operation is forestalling and extinguishing the defectives of production. FMEA Risk Management is recommended to JG to understate the opportunity of merchandise s defectives. Cro ss-function squads will be needed to put to death the attack. The chase is a brief description of the attack.1 ) Form a broom map squadThe cross map squad includes four members. Team member is selected based on their cognition and work experience. Writers recommend one involves in the production line every twenty-four hours. One is from IPQC, and the other two could be from the Engineering and Sale Department. All of the squads are charged by the production VC. A quality expert who helps JG with DMAIC processes bettering undertaking will back up this undertaking every bit good. The expert will present some tools to the squad, such as Brainstorm, Fishbone map.2 ) Set the undertaking and FMEA preparationThe squad will be introduced the aims of the attack. Task will be identified clearly. Then quality expert will take the squad through a short preparation of FMEA after constructing the cross-function squad. Map the procedure and do an stock list of all relevant procedure stairss.3 ) Maping the ProcedureIn the DMAIC processes betterment undertaking, all the procedures in fabrication have been identified already. So the Team members merely need to choose the unfavourable procedures that they think will bring forth defectives.4 ) Identify the failuresTeam member could utilize the insight to place the where faulty merchandises occurred and expected occurred in the daily procedures. Then they need to associate the faulty merchandises with exists procedure activities. These defectives are caused by the failures. Brainstorm could besides be conducted to find the possible failure manners for each procedure measure. Then Anticipate possible failures in the procedure in relation to the remainder of the procedure stairss.5 ) Analysis the hazardIndicate the cause of each failure manner is and the effects of the failure manners of the procedure. A Fishbone Map will be conducted here to happen out the root causes of the failures.Judge the hazardsCalculate the failing in the procedure by measuring the chance of happening ( P ) and the badness of the failure ( S ) for the failure manners. ( Rampersad and El-Homsi, 2007 ) The hazard grammatical constituent is the generation of these two factors.R=P ? SThe opportunity of detecting the mistake on clip is show in the factor S. If the faulty merchandise is difficult to detect, its S factor will be high. Some faulty merchandises have occurred before. Team can utilize Pareto Chart and SPC analysis these defectives and so assist them mensurate the chance of happening and badness of the failure.7 ) Pickings MeasureDetermine for each failure mode the actions necessary to better the weak points in the procedure. The failures with the highest radius factors have the highest precedence ( for illustration R &038 A gt 20 ) . designate a responsible individual of each issue to work out the bad possible failure. Table 12 is the hiting standards of P and S. Team members will make up ones mind whether to take action harmonizing to the hazard factor or do a precedence for each betterment program harmonizing to the hazard factor. For illustration, they can make up ones mind non to take action when the hazard factor was less than 10.8 ) Find out the resultTeam members need to happen out the solution to forestall each defective. It includes placing the responsible job convergent thinker to work out each job. Finally, a signifier of FMEA will be finished ( See Table 13 ) . Harmonizing to the R factors, a program will be make to forestall the possible failure. This program will be describe the program to Production VC.Factor P ( Probability of Occurrence )Factor S ( Severity of the Failure )0 = Impossible/ barely of all time0 = non a job1 = real depression1 =Very low/hardly a job2 =Low2 =Low/to be solved easy3 =Not as low3 =Less serious4 =Less than norm4 =Less than norm5 =Average5 =Average6 =Above norm6 =Above norm7 = rather high7 =Rather high8 =High8 =High9 =Very high9 =Very high10 =Certain10 =Ca tastrophic/Dangerous to peopleTable12 Factor of P and S ( Source Rampersad and El-Homsi, 2007, pp 381 )10 ) Implement programHarmonizing to the program, the actions will be implemented to forestall the possible jobs. Operators of each production line need to cognize all of the possible hazards and possible failure of the procedure, which they are affecting. The squad will hold a meeting with the production line leader. Failures will be introduced to the production lines. Besides, the FMEA signifier will be placed in the workshops.11 ) Result ReviewGive the feedback to the squad about the position of execution. A Defectives information aggregation and Defective merchandises analysis will be done by the DAS and FA after the chief betterment undertaking is applied and represent to the squad. The concluding FMEA signifier will be documented by the Quality Department.

Chapter 13 Gryffindor Versus Ravenclaw

It requireed like the end of Ron and Hermiones friendship. Each was so angry with the few separate that enkindle couldnt see how theyd ever make up.Ron was enraged that Hermione had neer progress ton Crookshankss attempts to eat Scabbers seriously, hadnt bot here(predicate)d to keep a close equal see on him, and was equable trying to pretend that Crookshanks was innocent by suggesting that Ron timbre for Scabbers under twain the boys beds. Hermione, meanwhile, maintained fiercely that Ron had no proof that Crookshanks had eaten Scabbers, that the pep h circularizes might impart been there since Christmas, and that Ron had been prejudiced against her cat ever since Crookshanks had arrive on Rons dealer in the Magical Menagerie.Personall(a)y, evoke was original that Crookshanks had eaten Scabbers, and when he tried to point transformation to Hermione that the evidence all pointed that way, she lost her pique with kindle too.Okay, side with Ron, I knew you would she give tongue to shrilly. First the Firebolt, now Scabbers, e precise topics my fault, isnt it fairish leave me alone, arouse, Ive got a lot of work to doRon had taken the spill of his rat very hard indeed.Come on, Ron, you were always saying how dim Scabbers was, state Fred bracingly. And hes been reach-color for ages, he was wasting away. It was probably bust for him to sniffle it quickly one swallow he probably didnt feel a thing.Fred verbalise Ginny indignantly.All he did was eat and sleep, Ron, you state it yourself, say George.He bit Goyle for us formerly Ron state miserably. Remember, chivy?Yeah, thats true, verbalise chivvy.His finest hour, said Fred, unable to keep a straight face. Let the scar on Goyles digit stand as a lasting tri yete to his memory. Oh, keep abreast on, Ron, tucker let on yourself follow up to Hogsmeade and buy a new rat, whats the point of moaning?In a last-ditch attempt to cheer Ron up, nettle persuaded him to pass a persistent to the Gryffindor groups final practice before the Ravenclaw match, so that he could have a ride on the Firebolt after theyd finished. This did seem to take Rons mind onward Scabbers for a moment (Great Can I try and shoot a fewer goals on it?) so they set make for the Quidditch field of operation together. noblewoman hooch, who was still everywhereseeing Gryffindor practices to keep an eye on rag, was however as impressed with the Firebolt as everyone else had been. She took it in her hands before take move out and gave them the get a conduce of her professional opinion.Look at the balance on it If the Nimbus series has a fault, its a slight list to the tail end you a lot find they develop a drag after a few years. Theyve updated the handle too, a bit slimmer than the Cleansweeps, reminds me of the old Silver Arrows a compassion theyve stopped making them. I learned to fly on one, and a very fine old b inhabit it was tooShe continued in this vein for some eon, until wood said, Er brothel keeper Hooch? Is it okey if kindle has the Firebolt bet on? We need to practiceOh right here you are, hence, Potter, said Madam Hooch. Ill cod everyplace here with WeasleyShe and Ron left the field to sit in the stadium, and the Gryffindor team gathered virtually fo reside for his final instruction manual for tomorrows match. waste, Ive just found out who Ravenclaw is p displace as Seeker. Its Cho Chang. Shes a quaternate year, and shes pretty belovedI really hoped she wouldnt be fit, shes had some problems with injuries woodwind instrument scowled his displeasure that Cho Chang had made a full rec everyplacey, then said, On the former(a) hand, she rides a Comet Two Sixty, which is spillage to timbre like a magic next to the Firebolt. He gave lay waste tos broom a look of fervent admiration, then said, Okay, everyone, lets go And at long last, chevy attach his Firebolt, and kicked off from the account.It was better than hed ever dreame d. The Firebolt glum with the lightest touch it seemed to obey his thoughts rather than his grip it sped across the field at such speed that the stadium turned into a green-and-gray blur Harry turned it so sharply that Alicia Spinnet screamed, then he went into a perfectly controlled douse, brushing the grassy field with his toes before rise thirty, forty, cubic decimeter feet into the air again Harry, Im allow the rob out Wood called.Harry turned and raced a Bludger toward the goal posts he outstripped it easily, saying the Snitch dart out from behind Wood, and within ten scraps had caught it nastyly in his hand.The team cheered madly. Harry let the Snitch go again, gave it a minutes head start, then tore after it, weaving in and out of the others he spotted it lurking near Katie Bells knee, looped her easily, and caught it again.It was the best practice ever the team, inspired by the presence of the Firebolt in their midst, performed their best moves faultlessly, and by the time they get finished the ground again, Wood didnt have a single criticism to make, which, as George Weasley pointed out, was a first.I cant see whats going to stop us tomorrow said Wood. Not unless Harry, youve sorted out your Dementor problem, havent you?Yeah, said Harry, thinking of his feeble Patronus and indirect request it were stronger.The Dementors wint turn up again, Oliver. Dumbledored go ballistic, said Fred confidently. closely, lets hope not, said Wood. at any rate good work, everyone. Lets get lynchpin to the towerturn in proto(prenominal)Im staying out for a bit Ron wants a go on the Firebolt, Harry told Wood, and while the rest of the team headed off to the locker rooms, Harry strode over to Ron, who vaulted the barrier to the stands and came to meet him. Madam Hooch had fallen drowsing(prenominal) in her seat.Here you go, said Harry, handing Ron the Firebolt.Ron, an expression of ecstasy on his face, mounted the broom and zoomed off into the gatherin g darkness while Harry walked just some the bunt of the field, watching him. Night had fallen before Madam Hooch awoke with a start, told Harry and Ron off for not waking her, and insisted that they go binding to the castle.Harry shouldered the Firebolt and he and Ron walked out of the shadowy stadium, discussing the Firebolts superbly savorless action, its phenomenal acceleration, and its pinpoint turning. They were halfway toward the castle when Harry, glancing to his left, saw something that made his emotional state turn over a pair of eye, gleaming out of the darkness.Harry stopped dead, his perk upt banging against his ribs.Whats the matter? said Ron.Harry pointed. Ron pulled out his wand and muttered, LumosA beam of light fell across the grass, hit the bottom of a tree, and illuminated its branches there, crouching among the budding leaves, was Crookshanks.Get out of here Ron roared, and he stooped protrude and seized a stone lying on the grass, but before he could do anything else, Crookshanks had vanished with one swish of his long ginger tail.See? Ron said furiously, chucking the stone down again. Shes still letting him wander about wherever he wants probably washing down Scabbers with a couple of birds now.Harry didnt say anything. He took a deep breath as relief seeped with and through him he had been sure for a moment that those eyes had belonged to the Grim. They set off for the castle once more. slightly ashamed of his moment of panic, Harry didnt say anything to Ron nor did he look left or right until they had reached the well illumine entrance hall.Harry went down to breakfast the next morning with the rest of the boys in his dormitory, all of whom seemed to think the Firebolt deserved a sort of guard of honor. As Harry infixed the Great Hall, heads turned in the direction of the Firebolt, and there was a good deal of excited muttering. Harry saw, with commodious satisfaction, that the Slytherin team were all looking thunderstr uck.Did you see his face? said Ron gleefully, looking back at Malfoy. He cant believe it This is brilliantWood, too, was basking in the reflected glory of the Firebolt.Put it here, Harry, he said, laying the broom in the middle of the table and carefully turning it so that its name faced upward. People from the Ravenclaw and Hufflepuff tables were soon coming over to look. Cedric Diggory came over to congratulate Harry on having acquired such a superb routine-stringer for his Nimbus, and Percys Ravenclaw girlfriend, Penelope Clearwater, asked if she could actually hold the Firebolt. instanter, now, Penny, no sabotage said Percy cordially as she examined the Firebolt closely. Penelope and I have got a bet on, he told the team. Ten Galleons on the out cum of the matchPenelope put the Firebolt down again, thanked Harry, and went back to her table.Harry make sure you win, said Percy, in an imperative whisper. I havent got ten Galleons. Yes, Im coming, Penny And he bustled off to jo in her in a piece of toast.Sure you can manage that broom, Potter? said a cold, drawling vocalize.Draco Malfoy had arrived for a closer look, Crabbe and Goyle right behind him.Yeah, wait so, said Harry casually.Got plenty of special features, hasnt it? said Malfoy, eyes look maliciously. Shame it doesnt come with a parachute in case you get too near a Dementor.Crabbe and Goyle sniggered.Pity you cant attach an extra gird to yours, Malfoy, said Harry. and so it could catch the Snitch for you.The Gryffindor team laughed loudly. Malfoys pale eyes narrowed, and he stalked away. They watched him rejoin the rest of the Slytherin team, who put their heads together, no head asking Malfoy whether Harrys broom really was a Firebolt.At a suck up to eleven, the Gryffindor team set off for the locker rooms. The weather couldnt have been more different from their match against Hufflepuff. It was a clear, cool day with a very light breeze there would be no visibility problems this time, an d Harry, though nervous, was starting to feel the excitement only a Quidditch match could bring. They could hear the rest of the school moving into the stadium beyond. Harry took off his dull school robes, removed his wand from his pocket, and stuck it inner the T-shirt he was going to wear under his Quidditch robes. He only hoped he wouldnt need it. He windered suddenly whether Professor Lupin was in the crowd, watching.You know what weve got to do, said Wood as they prepared to leave the locker rooms. If we lose this match, were out of the running. just just fly like you did in practice yesterday, and well be hunky-doryThey walked out onto the field to tumultuous applause. The Ravenclaw team, dressed in blue, were already stand in the middle of the field. Their Seeker, Cho Chang, was the only girl on their team. She was shorter than Harry by about a head, and Harry couldnt help noticing, nervous as he was, that she was extremely pretty. She smiled at Harry as the teams faced each other behind their captains, and he felt a slight lurch in the region of his stomach that he didnt think had anything to do with nerves.Wood, Davies, shake hands, Madam Hooch said briskly, and Wood shook hands with the Ravenclaw Captain.Mount your brooms on my whistle three two one Harry kicked off into the air and the Firebolt zoomed higher and faster than any other broom he soared slightly the stadium and began squinting around for the Snitch, listening all the while to the commentary, which was being provided by the Weasley twins friend Lee Jordan.Theyre off, and the big excitement this match is the Firebolt that Harry Potter is flying for Gryffindor. According to Which Broomstick, the Firebolts going to be the broom of pickax for the national teams at this years World Championship Jordan, would you mind telling us whats going on in the match? interrupted Professor McGonagalls vocalism. mightily you are, Professor just giving a bit of background entropy the Fireb olt, incidentally, has a built-in auto-brake and JordanOkay, okay, Gryffindor in possession, Katie Bell of Gryffindor, heading for goalHarry streaked past Katie in the opposite direction, gazing around for a smooth of gold and noticing that Cho Chang was tailing him closely. She was undoubtedly a very good broadsheet she unplowed cutting across him, forcing him to change direction.Show her your acceleration, Harry Fred let loose as he whooshed past in pursuit of a Bludger that was aiming for Alicia.Harry urged the Firebolt forward as they rounded the Ravenclaw goal posts and Cho fell behind. Just as Katie succeeded in scoring the first goal of the match, and the Gryffindor end of the field went wild, he saw it the Snitch was close to the ground, flitting near one of the barriers.Harry dived Cho saw what he was doing and tore after him Harry was speeding up, excitement fill him dives were his specialty, he was ten feet away Then a Bludger, hit by one of the Ravenclaw Beaters, came pelting out of nowhere Harry veered off course, avoiding it by an inch, and in those few, crucial seconds, the Snitch had vanished.There was a great Ooooooh of confusion from the Gryffindor supporters, but much applause for their Beater from the Ravenclaw end. George Weasley vented his feelings by hitting the second Bludger directly at the offending Beater, who was forced to roll right over in midair to avoid it.Gryffindor leads by eighty points to zero, and look at that Firebolt go Potters really putting it through its paces now, see it turn Changs Comet is just no match for it, the Firebolts precision balance is really noticeable in these long JORDAN ARE YOU BEING PAID TO ADVERTISE FIREBOLTS? GET ON WITH THE renderingRavenclaw was pulling back they had now scored three goals, which put Gryffindor only fifty points ahead if Cho got the Snitch before him, Ravenclaw would win. Harry dropped lower, narrowly avoiding a Ravenclaw Chaser, see the field frantically a glint of gold, a flutter of bantam wings the Snitch was circling the Gryffindor goal postHarry accelerated, eyes unflinching on the speck of gold ahead but just then, Cho appeared out of thin air, blocking him HARRY, THIS IS NO TIME TO BE A valet de chambre Wood roared as Harry swerved to avoid a collision. KNOCK HER off HER BROOM IF YOU HAVE TOHarry turned and caught sight of Cho she was grinning. The Snitch had vanished again. Harry turned his Firebolt upward and was soon twenty feet above the game. Out of the control of his eye, he saw Cho following him Shed decided to mark him rather than seek for the Snitch herselfAll right, thenif she wanted to tail him, shed have to take the consequencesHe dived again, and Cho, thinking hed seen the Snitch, tried to follow Harry pulled out of the dive very sharply she hurtled downward he rose fast as a bullet once more, and then saw it, for the third time the Snitch was glittering way above the field at the Ravenclaw end.He accelerated so, man y feet below, did Cho. He was winning, gaining on the Snitch with every second then Oh screamed Cho, pointing.Distracted, Harry looked down.Three Dementors, three tall, black, hooded Dementors, were looking up at him.He didnt stop to think. Plunging a hand down the neck of his robes, he whipped out his wand and roared, Expecto patronumSomething silver-white, something enormous, erupted from the end of his wand. He knew it had shot directly at the Dementors but didnt pause to watch his mind still miraculously clear, he looked ahead he was nearly there. He stretched out the hand still grasping his wand and just managed to close his fingers over the small, essay Snitch.Madam Hoochs whistle sounded. Harry turned around in midair and saw sextet scarlet blurs bearing down on him next moment, the whole team was hugging him so hard he was nearly pulled off his broom. heap below he could hear the roars of the Gryffindors in the crowd.Thats my boy Wood kept yelling. Alicia, Angelina, and Katie had all kissed Harry Fred had him in a grip so tight Harry felt as though his head would come off In complete disarray, the team managed to make its way back to the ground. Harry got off his broom and looked up to see a gaggle of Gryffindor supporters sprinting onto the field, Ron in the lead. out front he knew it, he had been engulfed by the cheering crowd.Yes Ron yelled, yanking Harrys arm into the air. Yes YesWell done, Harry said Percy, looking delighted. Ten Galleons to me Must find Penelope, allay me Good for you, Harry roared Seamus Finnigan.Ruddy brilliant boomed Hagrid over the heads of the milling Gryffindors.That was kinda some Patronus, said a voice in Harrys ear.Harry turned around to see Professor Lupin, who looked both shaken and pleased.The Dementors didnt affect me at all Harry said excitedly. I didnt feel a thingThat would be because they er werent Dementors, said Professor Lupin. Come and see He led Harry out of the crowd until they were able to see t he edge of the field.You gave Mr. Malfoy quite a fright, said Lupin.Harry stared. Lying in a crumpled heap on the ground were Malfoy, Crabbe, Goyle, and Marcus Flint, the Slytherin team Captain, all struggling to remove themselves from long, black, hooded robes. It looked as though Malfoy had been standing on Goyles shoulders. Standing over them, with an expression of the utmost fury on her face, was Professor McGonagall.An unworthy dupery she was shouting. A low and cowardly attempt to sabotage the Gryffindor Seeker grip for all of you, and fifty points from Slytherin I shall be speaking to Professor Dumbledore about this, make no mistake Ah, here he comes nowIf anything could have set the seal on Gryffindors victory, it was this. Ron, who had fought his way through to Harrys side, doubled up with laughter as they watched Malfoy fighting to extricate himself from the robe, Goyles head still stuck inside it.Come on, Harry said George, fighting his way over. Party Gryffindor ballp ark room, nowRight, said Harry, and feeling happier than he had in ages, he and the rest of the team led the way, still in their scarlet robes, out of the stadium and back up to the castle.It felt as though they had already won the Quidditch Cup the party went on all day and well into the night. Fred and George Weasley disappeared for a couple of hours and returned with armfuls of bottles of butterbeer, pumpkin fizz, and several bags full of Honeydukes sweets.How did you do that? squealed Angelina Johnson as George started throwing eucalyptus gum Toads into the crowd.With a little help from Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and Prongs, Fred muttered in Harrys ear.Only one soulfulness wasnt joining in the festivities. Hermione, incredibly, was sitting in a corner, attempting to read an enormous concord entitled Home Life and Social Habits of British Muggles. Harry broke away from the table where Fred and George had started juggling butterbeer bottles and went over to her.Did you even come to the match? he asked her.Of course I did, said Hermione in a strangely high-pitched voice, not looking up. And Im very glad we won, and I think you did really well, but I need to read this by Monday.Come on, Hermione, come and have some food, Harry said, looking over at Ron and wondering whether he was in a good enough mood to bury the hatchet.I cant, Harry. Ive still got four hundred and xxii pages to read said Hermione, now sounding slightly hysterical. Anyway She glanced over at Ron too. He doesnt want me to join in.There was no leaning with this, as Ron chose that moment to say loudly, If Scabbers hadnt just been eaten, he could have had some of those Fudge Flies. He used to really like them Hermione burst into tears. Before Harry could say or do anything, she tucked the enormous book under her arm, and, still sobbing, ran toward the staircase to the girls dormitories and out of sight.Cant you give her a break? Harry asked Ron quietly.No, said Ron flatly. If she just acted like she was sorry but shell never admit shes wrong, Hermione. Shes still acting like Scabbers has gone on holiday or something.The Gryffindor party ended only when Professor McGonagall turned up in her tartan dressing gown and hair net at one in the morning, to insist that they all go to bed. Harry and Ron climbed the stairs to their dormitory, still discussing the match. At last, exhausted, Harry climbed into bed, twitched the hangings of his four-poster shut to block out a ray of moonlight, lay back, and felt himself almost instantly drifting off to sleepHe had a very strange dream. He was walk of life through a forest, his Firebolt over his shoulder, following something silvery-white. It was winding its way through the trees ahead, and he could only catch glimpses of it between the leaves. Anxious to catch up with it, he sped up, but as he moved faster, so did his quarry. Harry broke into a run, and ahead he heard hooves gathering speed. Now he was running flat out, and ahead he could hear galloping. Then he turned a corner into a clearing and AAAAAAAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRRRRRGGGHHHHHHH NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHarry woke as suddenly as though hed been hit in the face. missed in the total darkness, he fumbled with his hangings, he could hear movements around him, and Seamus Finnigans voice from the other side of the room.Whats going on?Harry thought he heard the dormitory door slam. At last finding the set forth in his curtains, he ripped them back, and at the same moment, Dean Thomas lit his lamp.Ron was sitting up in bed, the hangings torn from one side, a look of utmost terror on his face.Black Sirius Black With a stabWhat?Here Just now Slashed the curtains Woke me upYou sure you werent dreaming, Ron? said Dean.Look at the curtains I tell you, he was hereThey all scrambled out of bed Harry reached the dormitory door first, and they sprinted back down the staircase. Doors opened behind them, and sleepy voices called after them.Who shouted?Whatre you doing? The popular room was lit with the glow of the dying fire, still littered with the rubble from the party. It was deserted.Are you sure you werent dreaming, Ron?Im telling you, I saw himWhats all the resound?Professor McGonagall told us to go to bedA few of the girls had come down their staircase, pulling on dressing gowns and yawning. Boys, too, were reappearing.Excellent, are we carrying on? said Fred Weasley brightly.Everyone back upstairs said Percy, hurrying into the popular room and immobilise his Head Boy badge to his pajamas as he spoke.Perce Sirius Black said Ron faintly. In our dormitory With a knife Woke me upThe common room went very still.Nonsense said Percy, looking startled. You had too much to eat, Ron had a nightmare Im telling you Now, really, enoughs enoughProfessor McGonagall was back. She slammed the portrait behind her as she entered the common room and stared furiously around.I am delighted that Gryffindor won the match, but this is getting ridiculous Per cy, I expected better of youI certainly didnt authorize this, Professor said Percy, puffing himself up indignantly. I was just telling them all to get back to bed My brother Ron here had a nightmare IT WASNT A incubus Ron yelled. PROFESSOR, I WOKE UP, AND SIRIUS BLACK WAS STANDING OVER ME, HOLDING A spitProfessor McGonagall stared at him.Dont be ridiculous, Weasley, how could he possibly have gotten through the portrait hole?Ask him said Ron, pointing a shaking finger at the back of Sir Cadogans picture. Ask him if he saw Glaring suspiciously at Ron, Professor McGonagall pushed the portrait back open and went outside. The whole common room listened with bated breath. Sir Cadogan, did you just let a man enter Gryffindor Tower?Certainly, good lady cried Sir Cadogan.There was a stunned silence, both inside and outside the common room.You you did? said Professor McGonagall. But but the passwordHe had em said Sir Cadogan proudly. Had the whole weeks, my lady Read em off a little piec e of paperProfessor McGonagall pulled herself back through the portrait hole to face the stunned crowd. She was white as chalk.Which person, she said, her voice shaking, which abysmally foolish person wrote down this weeks passwords and left them lying around?There was utter silence, broken by the smallest of terrified squeaks. Neville Longbottom, trembling from head to fluffy slippered toes, raised his hand slowly into the air.